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Glossary of information security and automation terms

A complete reference of terms and definitions in the areas of information security, automation, data protection, system administration and FINTECH JSC technologies. Convenient navigation by category and alphabet.

Information Security Biometrics and Identification Document Verification and Access Control Low-code and Automation Fintech and Public Finance Import Substitution Infrastructure Document Workflow Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Government Regulation Business Processes
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Information Security (47)

Core concepts and technologies of data protection

VPN (Virtual Private Network)

VPN is a technology for a secure connection over public networks that ensures the confidentiality and integrity of transmitted data.

Information Security

Firewall (network firewall)

A firewall (network firewall or edge firewall) is a means of network traffic control that filters data packets based on specified rules, protecting the network from unauthorized access, malware and network attacks.

Information Security

DLP system (data loss prevention)

A DLP system prevents the leakage of confidential data outside the organization by analyzing traffic, monitoring user actions and controlling transmission channels.

Information Security

SIEM system

A SIEM system collects and correlates security events from various sources, providing centralized monitoring and real-time incident analysis.

Information Security

SOC (Security Operations Center)

A SOC is a 24/7 information security monitoring center that detects and responds to incidents using SIEM and other security tools.

Information Security

PKI (Public Key Infrastructure)

PKI is an infrastructure for managing digital certificates and encryption keys, ensuring secure data exchange and electronic signatures.

Information Security

NGFW (next-generation firewall)

NGFW is a next-generation firewall with IPS, application control and deep packet inspection functions to protect against modern threats.

Information Security

152-FZ "On Personal Data"

152-FZ is the federal law regulating the collection, processing, storage and protection of personal data of Russian citizens.

Information Security

187-FZ "On the Security of Critical Information Infrastructure"

187-FZ is the law on the security of critical information infrastructure, establishing requirements for the protection of CII facilities.

Information Security

SKZI (cryptographic information protection tool)

SKZI are software and hardware encryption tools certified by the FSB of Russia to protect confidential information and electronic signatures.

Information Security

Electronic signature (ES)

An electronic signature is a document attribute obtained as a result of cryptographic transformation, confirming authenticity and authorship.

Information Security

Data encryption

Encryption is the transformation of information with the aim of hiding it from third parties, ensuring data confidentiality.

Information Security

Identification and authentication

Identification is the recognition of a subject by a unique attribute. Authentication is the verification of the authenticity of the presented identifier.

Information Security

Verification (authenticity check)

Verification is the process of checking an object or data for compliance with established requirements and confirming their validity and authenticity.

Information Security

Access control

Access control is a set of rules and tools that determine who and under what conditions can gain access to resources: data, premises, systems.

Information Security

Biometrics (biometric identification)

Biometrics is a technology for recognizing a person by unique biological and behavioral characteristics: fingerprints, face, voice, iris.

Information Security

AFIS (automated fingerprint identification system)

AFIS is a system for automated search, storage and comparison of fingerprint data in law enforcement and security systems.

Information Security

Unified Biometric System (UBS)

The UBS is a government platform for remote biometric identification of Russian citizens when receiving financial and other services.

Information Security

Face recognition

Face recognition is a computer vision technology that allows automatically identifying or verifying a person by their image or video stream.

Information Security

Fingerprinting (dactyloscopy)

Fingerprinting is a method of identifying a person by fingerprints, based on the uniqueness of papillary patterns for each person.

Information Security

TLS (Transport Layer Security)

TLS is a cryptographic protocol that ensures secure data transmission over a network. It is the basis of HTTPS and a replacement for the outdated SSL.

Information Security

SSO (Single Sign-On)

SSO is a single sign-on technology that allows a user to log in once and get access to all connected applications.

Information Security

Digital security

Digital security is a set of measures to protect data, devices and users from threats in the digital environment.

Information Security

Antivirus software

Antivirus software is a class of software tools for detecting, blocking and removing malicious code, providing real-time protection of devices against viruses, Trojans, ransomware and cyberattacks.

Information Security

Antispam filter

An antispam filter is a software or hardware-software complex for automatically detecting and blocking unwanted electronic messages (spam) and fraudulent calls, using databases and behavioral analysis.

Information Security

Proxy server

A proxy server is an intermediary server between your device and the Internet, which accepts requests, changes the IP address and forwards them, providing anonymity and traffic filtering.

Information Security

WAF (Web Application Firewall)

WAF (Web Application Firewall) is an application-level firewall that protects web applications and APIs from attacks such as SQL injections, XSS and DDoS by filtering HTTP/HTTPS traffic.

Information Security

IPS (Intrusion Prevention System)

IPS (Intrusion Prevention System) is an intrusion prevention system that analyzes network traffic in real time and automatically blocks suspicious activity, attacks and malicious code before they reach the protected resource.

Information Security

NDR (Network Detection and Response)

NDR is a class of cybersecurity systems for continuous monitoring of network traffic, detecting hidden threats with the help of behavioral analysis and machine learning, as well as operational response to incidents.

Information Security

EDR (Endpoint Detection and Response)

EDR is a class of cybersecurity systems for continuous monitoring of endpoint devices (PCs, servers, laptops), detecting complex threats with the help of behavioral analysis and automatic response to incidents.

Information Security

XDR (Extended Detection and Response)

XDR is a class of cybersecurity systems that combines data from various infrastructure levels (endpoint devices, network, cloud, e-mail) for automatic detection of complex attacks and rapid response to them.

Information Security

SOAR (Security Orchestration, Automation and Response)

SOAR is a class of platforms for orchestration, automation and response to information security incidents, combining disparate protection tools into a single system for instantaneous neutralization of cyber threats.

Information Security

UEBA (User and Entity Behavior Analytics)

UEBA is a behavioral analysis technology that uses machine learning to detect anomalies in the actions of users and devices, indicating hacks, insider threats or compromised accounts.

Information Security

Unauthorized access (UA)

Unauthorized access (UA) is access to information or resources carried out in violation of the established access control rules, with the use of standard tools or by overcoming protection systems.

Information Security

Antivirus protection tool (APT)

An antivirus protection tool (APT) is a software or software-hardware tool designed to detect, block and remove computer viruses and other malware.

Information Security

Trusted boot tool (TBT)

TBT is a software or software-hardware system that prevents unauthorized access and the execution of malicious code at the stage of operating system loading.

Information Security

Removable media control tool (RMCT)

RMCT is a software or software-hardware tool for controlling the use of USB drives, external disks and other removable media in order to prevent data leaks and malware infection.

Information Security

Cyber insurance

Cyber insurance is a type of insurance protecting against financial losses from cyber incidents: attacks, data leaks, ransomware and system failures.

Information Security

PCI DSS

PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard) is an international data security standard for the payment card industry. It was developed by leading payment systems (Visa, MasterCard, MIR and others) and is mandatory for all organizations that store, transmit or process bank card data.

Information Security

OAuth

OAuth is an open authorization protocol that allows a third-party application to get limited access to a user's protected resources on another service. It eliminates the need to transfer login and password, protecting personal data.

Information Security

CAPTCHA

CAPTCHA is a protective test designed to distinguish a real user from a computer program (bot). The word stands for completely automated public Turing test to tell computers and humans apart. It prevents spam, data theft and excessive load on servers.

Information Security

Incognito mode

Incognito mode (or private mode) is a special browser feature that creates an isolated browsing session. It guarantees that the browsing history, cache, cookies and entered data will not be saved on your device after closing the window.

Information Security

Information security incident

An information security incident is an unforeseen, unwanted event or chain of events that creates a threat and violates the confidentiality, integrity or availability of data. In simple words, it is an occurrence when information falls into the wrong hands, is irretrievably lost or systems become unavailable.

Information Security

Multi-factor authentication (MFA)

Multi-factor authentication (MFA) is a method of identity verification in which the system requires confirmation from different protection categories, not just a login and password. Even if an attacker steals your password, they will not be able to log in without the second factor (an SMS code, fingerprint or physical key).

Information Security

Tokenization

Tokenization is the process of converting objects, data or assets into digital equivalents (tokens) for secure storage or processing. Depending on the context, it can mean replacing confidential data (for example, a card number) with a random set of characters or representing real assets in the form of digital tokens in the blockchain.

Information Security

Authentication

Authentication is the procedure for verifying the identity of a user, device or process, which confirms that they really are who they claim to be. This is the first step for gaining access to the system after entering the login. Logging into an account with a password, fingerprint or Face ID — all this is authentication.

Information Security

Authorization

Authorization is the process of granting a user certain rights and permissions to access resources (files, data, functions) after successful authentication. It determines exactly what you are allowed to do in the system: read, edit, delete or only view.

Information Security

Biometrics and Identification (8)

Biometric methods of identity recognition

Iris recognition (iridodiagnostics)

Iris recognition is a biometric identification method based on the unique pattern of the iris of the eye, providing one of the highest levels of accuracy among all biometric methods.

Biometrics and Identification

Voice biometrics

Voice biometrics is a technology of personal identification by unique physiological and behavioral voice characteristics, used for secure authentication in banks, state services and call centers.

Biometrics and Identification

3D face recognition

3D face recognition is a biometric identification technology that uses a 3D model of the face, built on the basis of the depth and shape of features, to ensure high accuracy and protection from forgeries.

Biometrics and Identification

Vein pattern recognition

Vein pattern recognition is a biometric personal identification technology based on the unique subcutaneous vein pattern, using infrared scanning for contactless and high-precision authentication.

Biometrics and Identification

Behavioral biometrics

Behavioral biometrics is a continuous authentication technology that analyzes unique user behavioral patterns: key press dynamics, mouse movements, gait or manner of working with a device.

Biometrics and Identification

Biometric template

A biometric template is a digital mathematical model of the unique biological or behavioral characteristics of a person, used for identification and storage in protected databases.

Biometrics and Identification

Electronic passport (RFID foreign passport)

An electronic passport is an identity document with a built-in RFID chip containing the holder's biometric data, which provides increased protection from forgeries and automated control.

Biometrics and Identification

Biometric terminal

A biometric terminal is a device for automatic identification and authentication of a person based on unique physiological or behavioral characteristics.

Biometrics and Identification

Document Verification and Access Control (6)

Document authenticity verification and access control

Machine-readable zone (MRZ)

A machine-readable zone is a document area containing information in OCR-B format for automatic reading by scanners and recognition systems.

Document Verification and Access Control

ACS (Access Control System)

ACS is a set of technical means for restricting and controlling access to protected facilities.

Document Verification and Access Control

Checkpoint (control checkpoint, CCP)

A checkpoint is a specially equipped place for controlling access to the territory of an organization or a secure facility, equipped with identification and inspection systems.

Document Verification and Access Control

OCR (Optical Character Recognition)

OCR is a technology of optical character recognition that converts text images (scans, photos, PDF) into an editable and machine-readable text format.

Document Verification and Access Control

NFC reader

An NFC reader is a device for contactless data exchange over a short distance (up to 10 cm), used for payment, access control and reading electronic documents.

Document Verification and Access Control

Car number recognition system (LPR/ANPR)

LPR/ANPR is a technology of automatic car number recognition using video cameras and computer vision algorithms for passage control and vehicle search.

Document Verification and Access Control

Low-code and Automation (18)

Rapid development and process management technologies

Low-code platform

A low-code platform is a visual application development environment with minimal code writing, accelerating the creation and deployment of software in the enterprise segment.

Low-code and Automation

BPMS (Business Process Management System)

BPMS is a class of systems for automating, modeling and controlling the execution of business processes, ensuring transparency of the enterprise's operational activities.

Low-code and Automation

BPMN (Business Process Model and Notation)

BPMN is an international notation standard for graphically describing business processes, providing a common communication language between business and IT.

Low-code and Automation

RPA (Robotic Process Automation)

RPA is a software robotization technology that automates repetitive routine operations performed by a person through information system interfaces.

Low-code and Automation

BPM (Business Process Management)

BPM is a business process management discipline combining methodology, culture and tools for continuous improvement of operational activities.

Low-code and Automation

Business process modeling

Business process modeling is the creation of a visual graphic description of a company's work, which makes it possible to find bottlenecks, standardize operations and prepare processes for automation.

Low-code and Automation

SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)

SCADA is a software-hardware complex for supervisory control and data acquisition, providing real-time monitoring and control of industrial processes.

Low-code and Automation

Workflow Engine

A Workflow Engine is a software component (engine) that manages, automates and orchestrates business processes, executing a pre-defined sequence of tasks, rules and data flows.

Low-code and Automation

Process digital twin

A process digital twin is a virtual dynamic model that exactly reproduces the sequence, parameters and logic of a real business process for its analysis, optimization and prediction.

Low-code and Automation

No-code platform

A No-code platform is a tool that allows creating applications and automating processes without writing code, using visual interfaces and drag-and-drop.

Low-code and Automation

Digital twin

A digital twin is an exact virtual copy of a physical object, process or system that receives real-time sensor data for analysis, forecasting and optimization.

Low-code and Automation

Process approach

The process approach is a management methodology viewing organizational activity as a set of interrelated business processes with owners and KPIs.

Low-code and Automation

Enterprise architecture (EA)

Enterprise architecture is a systematic description of an organization combining business, data, application and technical architecture, bridging strategy and IT.

Low-code and Automation

Artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field of computer science that deals with creating systems capable of performing tasks that require human intelligence: learning, speech recognition, decision-making and content generation.

Low-code and Automation

Machine learning

Machine learning (ML) is a subfield of artificial intelligence where computers learn to find patterns in data and make decisions without rigid programming. ML models improve their accuracy as information accumulates.

Low-code and Automation

Chatbot

A chatbot is a program that simulates a real dialogue with a person through a text or voice interface. It helps find information, place orders or solve routine tasks without the participation of a real operator.

Low-code and Automation

Internet of things

The Internet of things (IoT) is a concept that unites physical devices into a single network for collecting, analyzing and exchanging data without human participation. Smart gadgets, sensors and industrial equipment interact through the internet, automating everyday tasks and business processes.

Low-code and Automation

Digital footprint

A digital footprint is all the information a user leaves on the internet through his activity: search queries, likes, purchases, geolocation and files. It can be active (data posted deliberately) and passive (collected through trackers and cookies).

Low-code and Automation

Fintech and Public Finance (19)

Financial technologies and public finance management

Digital ruble

The digital ruble is the third form of the Russian national currency, issued by the Bank of Russia as a digital code and combining the properties of cash and non-cash money.

Fintech and Public Finance

Public procurement (44-FZ / 223-FZ)

Public procurement is a system of purchasing goods, works and services for state and municipal needs, regulated by laws 44-FZ and 223-FZ.

Fintech and Public Finance

GIS "Electronic Budget"

The GIS "Electronic Budget" is a unified information system for managing state and municipal finances in digital format.

Fintech and Public Finance

Treasury support

Treasury support is a mechanism for controlling the targeted use of budget funds, in which settlement operations are carried out through Federal Treasury accounts.

Fintech and Public Finance

Open APIs (Open API)

Open APIs are software interfaces available to external developers and systems, ensuring integration and data exchange between information systems.

Fintech and Public Finance

RegTech (regulatory technology)

RegTech is a technology for automating compliance with regulatory requirements and reducing compliance risks in the financial and public sectors.

Fintech and Public Finance

SupTech (supervisory technology)

SupTech is a technology for digitalizing supervisory activities of regulators, automating data collection, control and analysis of supervised organizations.

Fintech and Public Finance

Mir national payment system

The Mir national payment system is a Russian non-cash payment system that ensures the independence of the country's payment infrastructure from external factors.

Fintech and Public Finance

Fast Payment System (FPS)

The Fast Payment System (FPS) is a Bank of Russia service for instant money transfers between individuals and legal entities by phone number, QR code or other simplified identifiers.

Fintech and Public Finance

Digital profile

A digital profile is a set of digital records about a natural or legal person that allows receiving state and commercial services online.

Fintech and Public Finance

Digital transformation of the public sector

Digital transformation of the public sector is a comprehensive introduction of digital technologies into the activities of government bodies to improve the quality of management and services.

Fintech and Public Finance

Non-cash payment

Non-cash payment is a form of money settlement in which funds are transferred from one bank account to another through financial organizations without physical cash.

Fintech and Public Finance

Remote banking services (RBS)

Remote banking services (RBS) is a set of technologies that allow clients to manage bank accounts and make transactions remotely without visiting a branch.

Fintech and Public Finance

Know Your Customer (KYC)

KYC (Know Your Customer) is a mandatory client identification and verification procedure performed by financial institutions to prevent fraud and money laundering.

Fintech and Public Finance

Banking secrecy

Banking secrecy is the statutory obligation of credit organizations and other financial institutions to protect the confidentiality of information about clients, their accounts, deposits and transactions.

Fintech and Public Finance

Cyber fraud

Cyber fraud is a type of crime in which attackers use digital technologies (the internet, computers, smartphones) to steal money, personal data or access to accounts using social engineering methods and technical attacks.

Fintech and Public Finance

Fraud

Fraud (from the English fraud — deception) is any type of deliberate deception or unlawful action in the digital environment committed to obtain illegal profit or to embezzle other people's resources.

Fintech and Public Finance

Fraud monitoring

Fraud monitoring is a set of systems and technologies that analyze transactions, user actions and traffic in real time to detect and prevent fraudulent operations.

Fintech and Public Finance

Payment gateway

A payment gateway is a software and hardware complex that acts as an intermediary between an online store, an acquiring bank and payment systems when accepting online payments. It securely transmits encrypted transaction data from the site to the bank and returns an answer about the payment result.

Fintech and Public Finance

Import Substitution (6)

Transition to domestic software

Software import substitution

Software import substitution is a state policy of transition to domestic software to ensure technological sovereignty and security.

Import Substitution

Register of Domestic Software

The Register of Domestic Software is an official list of software products that meet the requirements for domestic software for public procurement and import substitution.

Import Substitution

Open Source

Open Source is software whose source code is publicly available for study, modification and distribution, ensuring transparency and independence.

Import Substitution

Software fork

A fork is the creation of an independent copy of an existing software project for its further independent development.

Import Substitution

Alternative software

Alternative software is software replacing popular foreign solutions with similar or extended functionality considering Russian legislation and import substitution.

Import Substitution

Database management system (DBMS)

A DBMS is a software complex for creating, modifying, searching and processing information in databases, ensuring security, integrity and access control.

Import Substitution

Infrastructure (36)

Server and network equipment, storage systems

SAN (storage area network)

A storage area network (SAN) is a hardware and software complex for reliable and fast storage, management and access to large volumes of digital information.

Infrastructure

Backup system (SRK)

A backup system (SRK) is a set of tools for creating, storing and restoring data backup copies, ensuring their safety during failures and attacks.

Infrastructure

Server virtualization

Server virtualization is a technology that allows running several isolated virtual machines on one physical server, efficiently distributing computing resources.

Infrastructure

Containerization (Docker)

Containerization is an operating system level virtualization method that allows running and isolating applications in lightweight containers using a shared host kernel.

Infrastructure

Data center (DPC)

A data center (DPC) is a specialized building or room equipped with computing equipment, power supply, cooling and security systems for placing IT infrastructure.

Infrastructure

Hypervisor

A hypervisor is software that creates and manages virtual machines, ensuring isolation and distribution of the server's physical resources between them.

Infrastructure

Thin client

A thin client is a device with minimal computing resources that connects to a remote server to work with applications and data in a VDI environment.

Infrastructure

Workstation

A workstation is a high-performance computer designed for resource-intensive professional tasks such as CAD, 3D modeling and analytics.

Infrastructure

Data warehouse (DWH)

A data warehouse (Data Warehouse) is a centralized system for collecting, storing and analyzing large volumes of structured data from various sources to support decision-making.

Infrastructure

Postgres Pro

Postgres Pro is a Russian DBMS based on PostgreSQL, optimized for corporate tasks, with improved performance and built-in information protection tools.

Infrastructure

SMEV (interdepartmental electronic interaction system)

SMEV is a state system that ensures secure electronic data exchange between federal, regional and municipal authorities and organizations.

Infrastructure

DNS (Domain Name System)

DNS is a system that converts domain names (yandex.ru) into IP addresses (77.88.55.77) and back.

Infrastructure

Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

Wi-Fi is a wireless local area network technology based on IEEE 802.11 standards for connecting devices to the internet.

Infrastructure

Web server

A web server is a program or equipment that processes HTTP requests and returns web pages to clients.

Infrastructure

Server cluster

A server cluster is a group of physical or virtual servers combined into a single system to ensure fault tolerance, load balancing and scalability.

Infrastructure

Cloud storage

Cloud storage is an online data storage model in which files are stored on remote provider servers and are available from any device via the internet.

Infrastructure

Server rack

A server rack is a standardized metal structure for mounting server and network equipment, measured in units (U), used in data centers and server rooms.

Infrastructure

Data archiving

Data archiving is the process of compressing and organizing long-term storage of rarely used data to free up disk space and ensure preservation.

Infrastructure

Cloud security

Cloud security is a set of technologies, policies and procedures for protecting cloud data, applications and infrastructure from unauthorized access, leaks and cyberattacks. It ensures the continuity of business processes and compliance with strict regulatory requirements.

Infrastructure

Virtual machine

A virtual machine (VM) is a software-based “digital twin” of a real computer that runs inside a physical device but has its own isolated virtual resources (processor, memory, disk) and an operating system.

Infrastructure

Operating system

An operating system (OS) is the main set of programs that manages the hardware of a device and ensures the operation of all other applications. It acts as a link between the “hardware”, the user and programs.

Infrastructure

Domain

A domain (domain name) is a unique website address that you enter in the browser search bar. It replaces a long and complex set of numbers (an IP address) that computers use to find servers on the internet.

Infrastructure

CDN

A CDN (Content Delivery Network) is a geographically distributed network of servers that caches a website's static content (images, video, scripts) and delivers it to the user from the node closest to him, minimizing the distance and response time.

Infrastructure

DHCP

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a network protocol that automatically assigns IP addresses and other network parameters (subnet mask, default gateway and DNS) to devices in a network. It eliminates the need to manually configure each device.

Infrastructure

Wireless networks

Wireless networks are telecommunications systems that transmit data between devices without the use of cables. Signals propagate through the air using radio waves (microwaves), infrared or laser radiation.

Infrastructure

Home networks

A home network is a local network that unites devices within one house or apartment (computers, smartphones, TVs, printers, smart home components). It allows them to interact with each other and access the internet through a single router.

Infrastructure

Bluetooth

Bluetooth is a standard of wireless communication that allows devices (headphones, smartphones, computers) to exchange data over short distances without wires. The technology operates on the 2.4 GHz radio frequency.

Infrastructure

NFC

NFC (Near Field Communication) is a short-range wireless communication technology. It allows two devices to exchange data at a distance of up to 10 cm without using the internet.

Infrastructure

eSIM

eSIM is a built-in digital SIM card, a microchip on the motherboard of a smartphone that replaces a traditional plastic carrier. It allows you to remotely download and use tariffs of different mobile operators without visiting a communication shop and inserting a physical card.

Infrastructure

IMEI

IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) is a unique 15-digit international identifier of mobile equipment that is assigned to every device supporting SIM cards (smartphones, tablets, modems) at the factory. It can be compared with the device's digital passport.

Infrastructure

Data backup

Data backup is the creation of copies of files, systems and databases on a separate medium or in the cloud. The procedure protects information from loss due to technical failures, viruses or accidental deletion, allowing you to restore the original state.

Infrastructure

DDoS attack

A DDoS attack (distributed denial-of-service attack) is a cyberattack aimed at taking down a website or server by overloading it with a huge number of fake requests from many infected devices (a botnet). As a result, the resource becomes unavailable to real users.

Infrastructure

Sandbox

Sandbox — this is an isolated environment for safe testing of programs, files or code. In it you can run suspicious applications without the risk of infecting the main system, check new functions without breaking the working version and conduct experiments without consequences.

Infrastructure

API gateway

API gateway is a single entry point for all client requests in a microservice architecture. It accepts requests, routes them to the needed services, performs authentication, request rate limiting, response aggregation and other cross-cutting functions, offloading the microservices themselves.

Infrastructure

Client-server architecture

Client-server architecture is a model of distributing tasks in a network where some devices (clients) request services, while others (servers) perform them, providing the necessary resources, data or computing power. This is the basis of the internet, websites, mobile applications and corporate systems.

Infrastructure

Open source software (Open Source)

Open source software is programs whose source code is available for viewing, studying, modification and distribution by anyone. This guarantees transparency, security, free availability and the ability to customize software to suit one's needs.

Infrastructure

Document Workflow (12)

Electronic document workflow and archiving

Document flow

Document flow is the movement of documents in an organization from the moment of their creation or receipt to the completion of execution or sending, including processing, control and storage.

Document Workflow

Electronic archive

An electronic archive is a system for centralized storage, accounting, search and provision of access to electronic documents and images of paper documents of an organization.

Document Workflow

Document retention period

A document retention period is the time during which a document must be kept in an organization to confirm legal, financial, tax or archival significance.

Document Workflow

Legally significant electronic document flow

Legally significant electronic document flow (LSEDF) is an exchange of documents in which electronic documents have the same legal force as paper ones via qualified electronic signatures.

Document Workflow

Document scan copy

A scan copy is an electronic image of a paper document that preserves its visual elements but has no legal force unless notarized or signed electronically.

Document Workflow

Standard document

A standard document is a standardized template with permanent requisites and structure for repeated creation of similar documents.

Document Workflow

Qualified electronic signature (QES)

A qualified electronic signature (QES) is an electronic signature equivalent to a handwritten one, giving documents full legal force, issued by accredited certification centers.

Document Workflow

Enhanced qualified electronic signature (EQES)

An enhanced qualified electronic signature (EQES) is the most protected electronic signature, equivalent to a handwritten signature with a seal, issued by accredited certification centers.

Document Workflow

Electronic document flow (EDF)

Electronic document flow (EDF) is a system for creating, transmitting, approving, signing and storing documents electronically, ensuring legal significance via electronic signatures.

Document Workflow

1C:Enterprise

1C:Enterprise is a Russian platform for automating business management, accounting, document flow and HR, widely used in business and the public sector.

Document Workflow

Certification authority

A certification authority (CA) is an organization that creates, issues and maintains certificates of electronic signature verification keys, acting as a trusted party between the signature owner and the systems where it is used.

Document Workflow

Document lifecycle

A document lifecycle is the sequence of stages that a document goes through from the moment of its creation or receipt until transfer to the archive or destruction. It includes development, approval, signing, registration, execution, storage and archiving.

Document Workflow

Cryptocurrency and Blockchain (13)

Blockchain technologies, cryptocurrencies and decentralized finance

Bitcoin

Bitcoin is the first and most famous decentralized cryptocurrency operating on blockchain technology. It allows direct transfers between users without intermediaries (banks) and has a limited issue — only 21 million coins.

Cryptocurrency and Blockchain

Cryptocurrency

Cryptocurrency is a type of digital currency operating without a central administrator. The security and accounting of transactions are ensured by blockchain technology and cryptography. All information about transfers is open, and the forgery of coins is mathematically impossible.

Cryptocurrency and Blockchain

Token

A token is a digital unit created on the basis of an existing blockchain (for example, Ethereum). It can perform the functions of a currency, an asset, an access right confirmation or a digital certificate. Unlike cryptocurrencies (coins), tokens do not have their own network and are created with smart contracts.

Cryptocurrency and Blockchain

Cryptanalysis

Cryptanalysis is the science of methods for decrypting encrypted information without having an access key. Its main goal is to find vulnerabilities in encryption algorithms and protocols in order to improve protection systems.

Cryptocurrency and Blockchain

Key pair

A key pair is a set of two mathematically related cryptographic keys (a public and a private one) used in asymmetric cryptography. It provides secure data encryption, authentication and creation of a digital signature.

Cryptocurrency and Blockchain

Crypto wallet

A crypto wallet is a program or device that manages your private keys for accessing cryptocurrency in the blockchain. It does not store the coins themselves (they are always in the blockchain), but only provides access to them. There are hot (online) and cold (hardware) wallets.

Cryptocurrency and Blockchain

Smart contract

A smart contract is a self-executing computer program that works in the blockchain. It automatically fulfills the terms of an agreement between parties when predetermined requirements are met (“if... then...” logic), eliminating the need for intermediaries (lawyers or banks).

Cryptocurrency and Blockchain

Decentralized finance (DeFi)

Decentralized finance (DeFi) is an ecosystem of financial services (lending, exchange, investment) operating on the basis of the blockchain and smart contracts. Unlike banks, all operations happen directly between users, without intermediaries, regulators or a single control center.

Cryptocurrency and Blockchain

Cryptographic protocol

A cryptographic protocol is a set of standardized rules and procedures that use cryptographic algorithms for secure data exchange, authentication and ensuring confidentiality when parties interact in the digital environment.

Cryptocurrency and Blockchain

Hashing

Hashing is a mathematical process of converting any amount of input data into a unique string of characters of fixed length (a hash sum). It is an irreversible operation used for fast data identification, verifying their integrity and secure storage of passwords.

Cryptocurrency and Blockchain

Blockchain

Blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger that stores information in the form of a continuous chain of blocks. The data in it is protected by cryptography: a new record is added only after verification by network participants, and it is impossible to change or delete the existing history, which excludes forgery and hacking.

Cryptocurrency and Blockchain

Mining

Mining is the process of cryptocurrency extraction using the computing power of computers. Miners solve complex mathematical problems, for which they receive a reward in the form of new coins and transaction commissions. In essence, it is the conversion of electricity into digital money.

Cryptocurrency and Blockchain

Blockchain fork

A fork in the blockchain is the division of a chain of blocks into two independent branches. This can happen because of a protocol update (when part of the network accepts new rules, while another part remains on the old ones) or for technical reasons (the simultaneous finding of two blocks). As a result, two different cryptocurrencies may appear.

Cryptocurrency and Blockchain

Government Regulation (4)

Government regulation in IT and digital transformation

Budget rule

The budget rule is a fiscal mechanism determining how much the state can spend from oil and gas revenues and how much to allocate to the National Wealth Fund.

Government Regulation

Subsidizing

Subsidizing is the provision of targeted free financial assistance by the state to citizens, business or other budgets to cover costs or stimulate activity.

Government Regulation

Government regulation in IT

Government regulation in IT is a set of laws and measures ensuring technological sovereignty, personal data protection, CII security and IT industry development.

Government Regulation

Software licenses

A software license is a legal document that defines the conditions for using software by a user.

Government Regulation

Business Processes (1)

Business process management and operational efficiency

Project management

Project management is the discipline of planning, organizing and controlling resources to achieve project goals within time, budget and quality constraints.

Business Processes

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